diff --git a/motion_test.go b/motion_test.go
index 3e20224..6807efd 100644
--- a/motion_test.go
+++ b/motion_test.go
@@ -323,3 +323,695 @@ func TestMoveLeftWithCount(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+// --- G and gg Tests ---
+
+func TestMoveToBottom(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'G' from top", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModel(t)
+		sendKeys(tm, "G")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 5", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'G' from middle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 0, Line: 2})
+		sendKeys(tm, "G")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 5", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'G' already at bottom", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 0, Line: 5})
+		sendKeys(tm, "G")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 5", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'G' clamps cursor.x", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"long line here", "short"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 10, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "G")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 1", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+		want := len(lines[1])
+		if m.cursor.x != want {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want %d", m.cursor.x, want)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'G' on single line file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"only line"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "G")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 0", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMoveToTop(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'gg' from bottom", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 0, Line: 5})
+		sendKeys(tm, "g", "g")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 0", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'gg' from middle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 0, Line: 3})
+		sendKeys(tm, "g", "g")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 0", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'gg' already at top", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModel(t)
+		sendKeys(tm, "g", "g")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 0", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'gg' clamps cursor.x", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"short", "long line here"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 10, Line: 1})
+		sendKeys(tm, "g", "g")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 0", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+		want := len(lines[0])
+		if m.cursor.x != want {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want %d", m.cursor.x, want)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// --- 0 and $ Tests ---
+
+func TestMoveToLineStart(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test '0' from middle of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 3, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "0")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '0' from end of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello world"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: len(lines[0]), Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "0")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '0' already at start", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModel(t)
+		sendKeys(tm, "0")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '0' on empty line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{""}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "0")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '0' preserves line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 3, Line: 2})
+		sendKeys(tm, "0")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 2", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMoveToLineEnd(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test '$' from start of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "$")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		want := len(lines[0])
+		if m.cursor.x != want {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want %d", m.cursor.x, want)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '$' from middle of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello world"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 3, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "$")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		want := len(lines[0])
+		if m.cursor.x != want {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want %d", m.cursor.x, want)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '$' already at end", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: len(lines[0]), Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "$")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		want := len(lines[0])
+		if m.cursor.x != want {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want %d", m.cursor.x, want)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '$' on empty line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{""}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "$")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '$' preserves line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPos(t, Position{Col: 0, Line: 2})
+		sendKeys(tm, "$")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 2", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// --- Delete Char (x) Tests ---
+
+func TestDeleteChar(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'x' deletes character under cursor", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "ello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'ello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'x' in middle of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 2, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "helo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'helo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'x' at end of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 4, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "hell" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'hell'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'xx' deletes two characters", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "x", "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "llo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'llo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestDeleteCharWithCount(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test '3x' deletes three characters", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "3", "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "lo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'lo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '10x' with overflow", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "1", "0", "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want ''", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '2x' from middle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 1, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "2", "x")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "hlo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'hlo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// --- Insert Mode Tests ---
+
+func TestEnterInsert(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'i' enters insert mode", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModel(t)
+		sendKeys(tm, "i")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.mode != InsertMode {
+			t.Errorf("mode = %d, want InsertMode (%d)", m.mode, InsertMode)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'i' insert at beginning", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "Xhello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'Xhello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'i' insert in middle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 2, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "heXllo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'heXllo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'i' cursor moves back on esc", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 2, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 2", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEnterInsertAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'a' enters insert mode", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tm := newTestModel(t)
+		sendKeys(tm, "a")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.mode != InsertMode {
+			t.Errorf("mode = %d, want InsertMode (%d)", m.mode, InsertMode)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'a' inserts after cursor", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "a", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "hXello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'hXello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'a' from middle of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 2, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "a", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "helXlo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'helXlo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEnterInsertLineStart(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'I' enters insert mode at line start", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 3, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "I", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "Xhello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'Xhello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'I' from end of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 5, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "I", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "Xhello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'Xhello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEnterInsertLineEnd(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'A' enters insert mode at line end", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "A", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "helloX" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'helloX'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'A' from middle of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 2, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "A", "X", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "helloX" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'helloX'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// --- Open Line Tests ---
+
+func TestOpenLineBelow(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'o' creates line below", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "o", "n", "e", "w", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 3", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[1] != "new" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[1] = %q, want 'new'", m.lines[1])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'o' from middle of file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2", "line 3"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 0, Line: 1})
+		sendKeys(tm, "o", "n", "e", "w", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 4 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 4", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[2] != "new" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[2] = %q, want 'new'", m.lines[2])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'o' at end of file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 0, Line: 1})
+		sendKeys(tm, "o", "n", "e", "w", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 3", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[2] != "new" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[2] = %q, want 'new'", m.lines[2])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'o' cursor moves to new line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "o", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.y != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.y = %d, want 1", m.cursor.y)
+		}
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestOpenLineBelowWithCount(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test '3o' creates 3 lines", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "3", "o", "x", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 4 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 4", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
+			if m.lines[i] != "x" {
+				t.Errorf("lines[%d] = %q, want 'x'", i, m.lines[i])
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test '2o' with multiple chars", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "2", "o", "a", "b", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 3", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[1] != "ab" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[1] = %q, want 'ab'", m.lines[1])
+		}
+		if m.lines[2] != "ab" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[2] = %q, want 'ab'", m.lines[2])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestOpenLineAbove(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test 'O' creates line above", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 0, Line: 1})
+		sendKeys(tm, "O", "n", "e", "w", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 3", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[1] != "new" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[1] = %q, want 'new'", m.lines[1])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'O' at top of file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "O", "n", "e", "w", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 3", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[0] != "new" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'new'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test 'O' cursor at start of new line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1", "line 2"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 3, Line: 1})
+		sendKeys(tm, "O", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.cursor.x != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("cursor.x = %d, want 0", m.cursor.x)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestOpenLineAboveWithCount(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test '3O' creates 3 lines above", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"line 1"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 0, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "3", "O", "x", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 4 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 4", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+			if m.lines[i] != "x" {
+				t.Errorf("lines[%d] = %q, want 'x'", i, m.lines[i])
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// --- Insert Mode Special Keys ---
+
+func TestInsertModeEnter(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test enter splits line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello world"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 5, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "enter", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 2", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[0] != "hello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'hello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+		if m.lines[1] != " world" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[1] = %q, want ' world'", m.lines[1])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test enter at end of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 5, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "enter", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 2", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[0] != "hello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'hello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+		if m.lines[1] != "" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[1] = %q, want ''", m.lines[1])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test enter at start of line", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "enter", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 2", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[0] != "" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want ''", m.lines[0])
+		}
+		if m.lines[1] != "hello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[1] = %q, want 'hello'", m.lines[1])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestInsertModeBackspace(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test backspace deletes character", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 3, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "backspace", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "helo" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'helo'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test backspace at start of line joins lines", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello", "world"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 0, Line: 1})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "backspace", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if len(m.lines) != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("len(lines) = %d, want 1", len(m.lines))
+		}
+		if m.lines[0] != "helloworld" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'helloworld'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test backspace at start of first line does nothing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithLines(t, lines)
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "backspace", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "hello" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'hello'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test multiple backspaces", func(t *testing.T) {
+		lines := []string{"hello"}
+		tm := newTestModelWithCursorPosAndLines(t, lines, Position{Col: 5, Line: 0})
+		sendKeys(tm, "i", "backspace", "backspace", "backspace", "esc")
+
+		m := getFinalModel(t, tm)
+		if m.lines[0] != "he" {
+			t.Errorf("lines[0] = %q, want 'he'", m.lines[0])
+		}
+	})
+}